C&S are using basic vocabulary from the Anabasis and trying to introduce Greek grammar to students who don’t know it yet.
Thanks. I’ve been searching Xenophon first and then widening the net, C&S appear to be getting creative, generating sentences you won’t find anywhere else. For example ἡ δὲ στρατιὰ φιλία ἦν … I didn’t find a single sample anything remotely like this στρατιὰ used in close proximity with φιλία. My search engine is not faultless. It’s not like I’m using tagged texts.
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The so called “Dative of Possession” (Crosby and Schaeffer pg. 16) according to classics.osu.edu:
The Dative case is chiefly used to indicate the person for whom (that is, f> or whose advantage or disadvantage> ) an action happens or a quality exists. In a sense, all datives are Datives of Reference or Datives of Advantage and Disadvantage; as a result that particular category is not very useful though it does remind that the Dative case refers to a personal or affective interest in the action. The most useful and common translation of the dative case into English is with the preposition “for”. Our sense that the dative is to be translated with the preposition “to” is a result of the common use of the dative with a verb of giving where the English idiom is “I give this to you.” However, even with the indirect object you can see how “for” is the basic sense if you imagine someone handing you a book and saying “For you.”
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Dative of Possession: > The dative is used with the verb “to be” to indicate the person > for whose benefit something exists> . In many cases, this implies possession. The Dative, however, is different from the Genitive of possession in that it typically implies a personal connection of use, enjoyment, etc. that goes beyond the legal possession. For this reason, sometimes this dative is called the “sympathetic dative”.
https://classics.osu.edu/Undergraduate-Studies/Latin-Program/Grammar/Cases/dative-case
FOR ANYONE WITH ACCESS TO YOUTUBE: Dative of Possession tutorial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mTBPC_oYsE
apparently we had a short discussion of this topic Dative of Possession five years ago.
http://discourse.textkit.com/t/dative-of-possession/11564/1
and a paper on it
M. C. BENVENUTO - F. POMPEO, Expressions of predicative possession
in Ancient Greek: “εἶναι plus dative” and “εἶναι plus genitive” constructions
From the introduction, the rules for the sample to be studied, note the text in italics in reference to Joel’s assessment "Neither one is the “Dative of Possession” (pg. 16). Both are “Dative with Adjectives” .
In order to highlight specific features of the two constructions,
having read the texts in their entirety, we established the formal and
functional criteria for the selection of the material to be investigated.
First of all, ambiguous occurrences were excluded. Secondly, we left
out all instances of predicative possession with any verb other than
the simple εἶναι. Subsequently, only two-constituent constructions,
such as “subject εἶναι dative” and “subject εἶναι genitive” were
considered. We thus omitted sentences with a form of the verb εἶναι
and three nominal items, such as Δαρείῳ, ἱπποκόμος and νήρ in (3),
as well as occurrences > where the dative can depend on an adjective> , a
participle or a verbal adjective
ἦν ἡ ἀγορὰ ἐπιτηδεία τῇ στρατιᾷ;
Was the market fit for the army?
Good.
ἡ δὲ στρατιὰ φιλίᾱ ἦν τῇ άρκῇ.
The province had the friendly army.ἡ δὲ στρατιὰ φιλία ἦν τῇ ἀρχῇ.
The army was friendly in the province.
Not so good.
Look at pg. 8, “Dative with Adjectives.” It gives the example:
πολέμιος ἦν τῷ στρατηγῷ he was hostile to the general.
This is the same thing.
The army was friendly to the province.
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I tend to agree. If we didn’t have page 8 in C&S to reference, the dative could be location. So it depends on the ground rules. Are we treating C&S as a TeXT in which this is a clause? That’s kind of strange. Its kind of like knowing what the professor wants rather than giving the right answer.
I suppose you could argue that the sentence demands the object of friendliness to be expressed. But that would depend on the co-text (surrounding text). You cannot assume that sentence demands anything when you don’t have the co-text. This is why it’s always better to read a text, rather than isolated fragments which are full of unresolvable ambiguities.
“in the province” would require ἐν.
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I should not have let the second version pass, even if they mean the same thing in English. That is a dative of possesion, and the first version best expresses what is going on with the grammar of the Greek sentence.
The “dative of place where” takes a preposition. I suggest reviewing pg 324 of the appendix to see the different uses of the dative. Make a note of what you’ve already covered.
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I was waiting for someone to say that. Depends on genre.
LOCATIVE DATIVE (> Greek Grammar, > H. W. Smyth)
[*] 1530. The dative as the representative of the locative is used to express place and time.
a. On the instrumental dative of space and time, see 1528.[*] 1531. Dative of Place.—> In poetry the dative without a preposition is used to denote place.
a. Where a person or thing is: ““στὰ_ς μέσῳ ἕρκεϊ” taking his stand in the middle of the court” Ω 306, ““γῇ ἔκειτο” she lay on the ground” S. O. T. 1266, ναίειν ὄρεσιν to dwell among the mountains O. T. 1451. Often of the parts of the body (Hom. θυ_μῷ, καρδίῃ, etc.). With persons (generally in the plural): ἀριπρεπὴς Τρώεσσιν conspicuous among the Trojans Z 477. τοῖσι δ᾽ ἀνέστη A 68 may be rose up among them or a dative proper (for them).b. Place whither (limit of motion): πεδίῳ πέσε fell on the ground E 82, ““κολεῷ ἄορ θέο” put thy sword into its sheath” κ 333.
[*] 1532. After verbs of motion the dative, as distinguished from the locative, denotes direction towards and is used of persons (1485), and is a form of the dative of interest.
[*] 1533. Many verbs capable of taking the locative dative in poetry, require, in prose, the aid of a preposition in composition. The limit of motion is usually (1589) expressed by the accusative with a preposition (e.g. εἰς, πρός).
[*] 1534. In prose the dative of place (chiefly place where) is used only of proper names: Πυ_θοῖ at Pytho, Ἰσθμοῖ at the Isthmus, Σαλαμῖνι at Salamis, Ὀλυμπία_σι at Olympia, Ἀθήνησι at Athens (inscr.); especially with the names of Attic demes, as Φαληροῖ, Θορικοῖ, Μαραθῶνι. But ἐν Μαραθῶνι and ἐν Πλαταιαῖς occur. Some deme-names require ἐν, as ἐν Κοίλῃ.
[*] 1535. Many adverbs are genuine locatives, as οἴκοι, πάλαι, πανδημεί, Φαληροῖ; Ἀθήνησι, Πλαταιᾶσι; others are datives in form, as κύκλῳ, Πλαταιαῖς.
[*] 1536. With names of countries and places, ἐν is more common than the locative dative, and, with the above exceptions, the place where is expressed in Attic prose with ἐν.
[*] 1537. Verbs of ruling often take the dative, especially in Homer: Μυρμιδόνεσσιν ἄνασσε Α 180, Γιγάντεσσιν βασίλευεν η 59, ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν Ἀγαμέμνων Ξ 134. Rarely in prose: ἡγεῖσθαί τινι to serve as guide (leader) to some one, ἐπιστατεῖν τινι to be set over one; ἄρχειν τινί means only = to be archon (Πυ_θοδώρου ἄρχοντος Ἀθηναίοις T. 2.2). Cp. 1371.
a. Only when stress is not laid on the idea of supremacy is the dative, instead of the genitive (1370), used with verbs of ruling.
[*] 1538. It is not clear whether the dative with verbs of ruling is a dative proper (for), a locative (among; cp. ἐν Φαίηξιν ἄνασσε η 62), or an instrumental (by). ἄρχειν, ἡγεῖσθαι may take the dative proper, ἀνάσσειν, βασιλεύειν, κρατεῖν may take the locative dative.
In the LXX there are a few examples in poetry and narrative. See T. Muraoka Syntax of Septuagint Greek Peters 2016, pages 165-166.
Gen. 42:34 καὶ ἀγάγετε πρός με τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν τὸν νεώτερον, καὶ γνώσομαι ὅτι οὐ κατάσκοποί ἐστε, ἀλλ᾿ ὅτι εἰρηνικοί ἐστε, καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν ἀποδώσω ὑμῖν, καὶ τῇ γῇ ἐμπορεύεσθε.
… and in the land you can trade.
Is. 15:5 ἡ καρδία τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ ἐν αὐτῇ ἕως Σηγωρ, δάμαλις γάρ ἐστιν τριετής· ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἀναβάσεως τῆς Λουιθ πρὸς σὲ κλαίοντες ἀναβήσονται, τῇ ὁδῷ Αρωνιιμ βοᾷ σύντριμμα καὶ σεισμός.
… on the road to Horonaim …
Job 38:19 ποίᾳ δὲ γῇ αὐλίζεται τὸ φῶς,
σκότους δὲ ποῖος ὁ τόπος;
… in what kind of land lodges the light?
T. Muraoka claims that κύκλῳ is a frozen form in “Septuagint Greek” but Guy Cooper (Attic Greek) suggests that κύκλῳ (location) demonstrates evidence of being a living noun declension, appearing both with and without the preposition (Attic Greek Prose Syntax, p271 §48.1.1).
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