In this show, two teams will compete in a general-knowledge quiz. There are three on each team, one of whom is team-captain. You are quiz-master and will introduce the questions.
At the end of each show, the most successful competitor on each team will be invited to return as captain on the next show.
Hoc in spectaculo, duae turbae in probatione scientiae generalis contendent. Quaeque turba tres numerat, cuius unus ductor turbae est. Tu es magister probationis et quaestiones introduces.
In termino cuiusque spectaculi, agonista scientissimus e quâque turbâ pro ductore revenire ad spectaculum proximum invitabitur.
There are five continents: Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Oceania and Antarctica (which is not permanently inhabited). The continents are further divided into nations separated by national borders. Often the people of different nations speak different languages and even within a nation many different languages may be spoken. Today, over six thousand languages are spoken throughout the world.
Continentes sunt quinque: Europa, America septentrionalis, America Australis, Asia, Oceania atque Antarctica (ubi nemo diutinè habitat). Continentes autem in nationibus à finibus separatis dividuntur. Cives nationium, et inter nationibus et nonnumquam quidem intrá, multas et varias linguas loquantur. Nunc, supra sex milia linguarum per mundum loquuntur.
I think turma for “team”, rather than turba, is more common.
“nationibus à finibus separatis”. Initially I read this as “nations separated from territories”.
nationium > nationum.
“Nunc, supra sex milia linguarum per mundum loquuntur.” = “Now, they speak more than six million languages troughout the world”, since loquuntur is deponens.
Gratias tibi ago, Alati. Nonnè dicitur autem “Now, they speak more than six million languages” pro “Now more than six million languages are spoken” et latinè et anglicé?
Number 10. Numerum decem.
A home is a place where one lives, either alone, with a partner or in a family. It could be an apartment, a cottage or a house. If an apartment, it might be on the ground floor, or on another floor, or even the penthouse in the roof. If a house, it might be detached or semi-detached or in a terrace. If you were a king, a queen or a bishop, of course, your home would be a palace. If you had limited income, you could rent a single room.
Usually, a home has several rooms, each with a different function. There is the kitchen, bathroom, toilet, bedroom and livingroom. There may also be a separate hall with stairs, a dining-room, a study, a drawing-room, a guest-room, a utility room, and extra bedrooms and reception rooms. The front door opens into the front garden or the street (or onto the landing or corridor when it belongs to an apartment), the back door into the back garden or the yard.
Domus est locus quem habitas, ut tu solus, ut cum consorte, ut in familiâ. Conclavia vel casam aedesve esse possit. Si conclavia, sint in pedeplanâ vel alio in tabulato in insulâ, appendicium etiam in tecto. Si aedes, domus sit segregata vel semi-segregata vel serialis. Si aut rex aut regina aut episcopus sis, regia certè domus tua sit. Si parvum reditum habeas, simplicem clavem conducere possis.
Plures generaliter conclavia habet domus, omne eorum aliter constitutum. Est culina, balneum, latrina, cubiculum et medianum. Separatum quoquè sit vestibulum cum ascensione, triclinium, tablinum, penetrale, hospitale cubiculum, et addititia cubicula atriaque. Ostium hortum adversum vel vicum aperit (vel statinam vel andronem cum conclaviorum est); posticum hortum aversum vel aream.
The human body is composed mostly of organic (carbon-based) compounds and water. As well as the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, other mineral elements are necessary to grow and live. We get them all by means of what we eat. Important mineral elements are potassium, sodium, molybdenum.
To be healthy, we need to exercise and eat a well-balanced diet. There are four main food groups: fruit & vegetables, meat, pulses and dairy products.
Corpus humanum plerumquè aquâ et compositis organicis (carbonei radicis) componitur. Eget alia elementa mineralia, unâ cum elementa carboneo, hydrogenio, oxygeno, ut nascamur vivamusque. Eos alios acquirimus per res quae edimus. Elementa mineralia gravia sunt kalium, natrium, molybdenum.
Ut sani simus, exercere ac diaetam benè libratam tenere debemus. Sunt quattuor genus cibi principalia: fructus oleraque, caro, legumina, lactei reditus.
We wear clothes to keep ourselves warm and dry, or to make us look more attractive, or (in the case of a uniform) to indicate our position in society, or for modesty, or simply to appear to ‘fit in’.
Typical materials for clothing include leather, fur, wool, linen, cotton, plastic and synthetic fibre. Depending on the material, clothes can be hand-washed, machine-washed or dry-cleaned.
If you are packing a suitcase for a journey, it is important to consider the season and the climate of where you are going.
Vestem gerimus ut secci nos teneamus, vel nos speciosiori videri faciamus, vel (eo casu uniformis vestis) statum nostrum in societate indicemus, vel pudoris ratione, vel nos ipsi cum aliis accomodati videmur.
Materiae typicae vestitui includunt corium, pellis, lana, linteum, gossypium, fibra synthetica. Materiâ nitens, vestes vel manu vel machinâ ad lavandum vel siccâ lavatione lavari possunt.
Si riscum itinere constringis, tanti est quod ei loci quò vadis tempestatem et climam cogitas.
You sleep in a bedroom. To make the bed, take off the dirty sheets and pillowcases and then put on clean, ironed ones. Spread a sheet on the mattress and tuck it in on all sides. Stuff the pillows into the pillowcases. Change the duvet cover, lay the duvet on the bed and tuck it in at the bottom. If you do not use a duvet, lay down another sheet and put a blanket or a bedcover over it. Clean clothes are hung in the wardrobe, or folded and placed in a drawer of a chest of drawers. In former times, a chamber-pot was placed under the bed for going to the toilet in the middle of the night.
Before changing for bed, draw the curtains. Then take off your clothes and put them in a clothes basket. Finally, switch off the light and get into bed. To read while lying down, find the electric light switch by the bedside table and switch on to use the lamp.
In cubiculo dormis. Ut lectum sternas, et lodices lavandas et pulvini integumenta amove, tunc lauta levigataque pone. Lodicem super culcitâ pande et extrema undiquè comprime. Pulvinos in integumenta farci. Integumentum plumacii commuta, plumacium super lecto pande et extrema in fundo comprime. Si plumacio non uteris, aliam lodicam pone et stragulâ vel opertorio eam operi. Vestes mundae in vestiario pendentur, vel complicantur et in loculum armarii ponuntur. Olim, matula sub lecto ponebat, in quam desurgere mediâ nocte solebat.
Priusquàm vestem exuere ad dormiendum, vela obduc. Dein vestem exue et in corbem lintearium pone. Deniquè lumen exstingue et in lectum inscende. Ut legere incubans possis, mutatrum lucis electricae secùs mensulam nocturnam inveni et excita, ut lucernâ utaris.
The kitchen is the room where food is prepared. It should be kept clean to prevent food-contamination by harmful bacteria that cause food-poisoning. All surfaces and utensils in the room should be regularly scrubbed, wiped and washed every day.
A novice cook needs a cookbook for recipes. An experienced cook well knows how to cut, chop, peel, top, tail, core, cook and bake. He can crush, grind, add, mix and whisk ingredients. He seasons, heats, stirs, steams, simmers, boils, frys, roasts, grills, cools, freezes and defreezes, before serving a meal.
Culina est spatium ubi paratur cibus. Pura tenenda est, ne bacteriis quae venenum in botulis efficiunt cibus contaminetur. Oportet omnes superficies instrumentaque cotidiè et assiduè abradi ac tergeri lavarique.
Coquus tiro praescriptis coquinariam requirit. Coquus expertus secare, caedere, decoriare, capita atque codas demetere, cicos exsecare, coquere et torrere benè scit. Partes addendas comprimere, molere, addere, commiscere, circumagere possit. Condit, calefacit, agitat, vaporat, coquitat, infervefacit, frigit, in craticulâ torret, assat, condit, refrigerat, congelat, regelare facit, antequàm mensam apponit.
A wooden fort has a palisade. A castle, however, is a fortified building made of stone, the home of a lord or royal person, and is surrounded by a thick wall. Inside the wall are the buildings: living quarters, servants quarters, a barracks, towers, a chapel, a keep, and stables. The buildings surround the courtyard and the well. Outside the wall is a moat, or ditch filled with water. The castle is entered through a gate by a draw-bridge. The gate has a portcullis. Ramparts run along the top of the wall, protected by a crenellated defensive wall. Cannons on the ramparts fire cannonballs at enemy ships and formations. A flag, hoisted up a flagpole, flies from the highest point. A lookout watches from the lookout tower. The flanking towers at the corners allow the defenders to fire from narrow windows and fire-holes at attackers at the foot of the walls.
Castra abiegna vallum habet. Castellum autem est aedificatio munita et lapide constructa, domus domini vel regii, et moenibus crassis cingitur. Intra muros sunt aedes habitandi atque tecto lectoque servis, casa militaris, turres, sacrarium, carcer, stabula. Aedes aream et puteum circumdant. Extra muros fossa vel lacuna. Ingressus in castello per portam super pontem versatilem fit. Porta habet cataractas. Aggeres secùs summam moenium currunt, propugnaculo crenato muniti. Tormenta in aggeribus globulos ferreos in hostium naves ordinesve displodunt. Vexillum sursùm perticam sublatum editissimo loco volat. Evigilator e speculâ vigilat. Turres laterales in angulis praebeunt ut defensores per fenestras angustas ac foramina petendi in aggressores sub moenibus contendant.
A well is a hole dug as a source of clean drinking-water. Many wells were considered holy places and were important to those fetching water also as a meeting place to exchange news and gossip.
Finding water in the ground is not certain. Often, a water-diviner searched with a hazel twig and said where to dig. Well-water could be raised by a pump. More often, a rope was tied to the handle of a wooden bucket and the other end to a winch. The bucket was weighted at the bottom to sink and fill up and not float when dropped in.
In the countryside, people often travelled miles by donkey and cart or on foot to fetch water in buckets and barrels. Returning home, much of the water spilled. Nowadays, water is piped into many homes from large reservoirs. But in very poor countries, some people still carry buckets of water on their heads over long distances.
Puteus est foramen ut fons aquae bibendi purae defossa. Sancti loci esse multi eorum putantur, et magni etiam aquatoribus erant, ut congressûs locus ad conferendum novorum famarumque. Aquam in terrâ invenire non certum est. Saepè, aquis divinator virgulâ colurnâ quaerebat et ubi defodere dicebat. Antliâ aquae puteales tolli poterat. Saepiùs, manubrio hamae ligneae terminus restis adstringebat et trochleae alter. Hama pondere in fundo oppressabat ut immersâ deprimit et impletur, nec fluctat.
Rure frequenter per multa milia pasuum asino plaustroque vel pede eabant ad aducundam aquam hamâ dolioque. Domui in revertendo, magna aquae pars effundebatur. Nostris diebus, aquae per fistulas in domus nostras è magnis lacunis mittuntur. In terris depauperatis autem, nonnulli adhuc qui nimio longè hamas aquae plenas in capite gerunt.
Salve Ingrid70
“defossa” (past participle) agrees with the noun “foramen”, I intend. But I see I’ve made a mistake, because “foramen” is neuter, so “defossa” should have been “defossum”,—and should be now, unless I’m still wrong in the construction. Thanks, Ingrid70. “Defossa” participium praeteritum “foramen” nomini adicitur, audeo. Sed me erravisse video, quòd neutrius generis est “foramen”. Ideò, “defossum” (et non “defossa”) fuisse debuit,—et nunc esse debet, certé, nisi tamen in figurâ continuò erro. Gratias tibi ago, Ingrid70.
There are 26 letters in the modern Latin alphabet, of which ‘a’ is the first and ‘z’ is the last.
The vowels in Latin are ‘a e i o u’ and ‘y’ (which the Romans borrowed from the Greeks).
The consonants are b (pronounced bee) c (see) d (dee) f (ef) g (jee) h (haitch or aitch) j (jay) k (kay) l (el) m (em) n (en) p (pee) q (cue) r (or) s (es) t (tee) v (vee) w (double-u) x (ex) z (zed or zee).
Before the eighteenth century, ‘j’ for ‘i’ and ‘v’ for ‘u’ could be written as vowels. “W” is a new letter that originally was written ‘uu’. X and z are double consonants, with x standing for ‘ds’ and z variously for ‘ks’ ‘cs’, ‘gs’, ‘hs’. Diphthongs are certain pairs of vowels whose sounds run together, such as ‘ae’, ‘au’, ‘oe’ and less commonly ‘ei’, ‘eu’, ‘ui’. Formerly, diphthongs used to be written with ligatures.
Moderno in alphabeto latino sunt litterae viginti sex, quarum ‘a’ prima, ‘z’ ultima est.
Litterae ‘a e i o u’ vocales sunt et vero ‘y’ (“hy” vel i graeca vel ypsilon, graecis a romanis mutua).
Consonantes sunt b (quae ‘be’ sonat) c (ce) d (de) f (ef) g (ge) (ha) j (i consonans) k (ka) l (el) m (em) n (en) p (pe) q (qu) r (er) s (es) t (te) v (ve) w (v duplex vel u duplex) x (ex) z (zeta).
Ante duodevicesimum saeculum, ‘j’ pro ‘i’, ‘v’ pro ‘u’ scriberi poterat, ut vocales. Nova littera ‘w’ est, quae ‘uu’ primitùs scribebatur. Consonantes ‘x’ atque ‘z’ litteras duplices significant, sicut ‘x’ pro ‘ds’ (‘d’ ante ‘s’) et ‘z’ pro (multimodi) ‘ks’ ‘cs’, ‘gs’, ‘hs’. Diphthongi sunt quaedam binae vocales cuius soni coalescunt, ut ‘ae’, ‘au’, ‘oe’ et minùs frequenter ‘ei’, ‘eu’, ‘ui’. Anteà, diphongi cum ligaturâ scribebantur.
Numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. Arithmetic is the science of such calculation.
Here is a pocket calculator (a little calculating machine). It lets you calculate easily and quickly..
This one also lets you verify any mathematical statement containing one of these symbols ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ or ‘>’.
To do this, first click the ‘¿’ button,
then enter your statement (including ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ or ‘>’),
and finally press the ‘?’ button.
Addi ac deduci atque multiplicari dividique numeri possunt. Arithmetica est scientia istiusmodi computationum.
Ecce computatrum palmare (machinula calculatoria). Permittit ut facile et celeriter computes.
Sinet hoc etiam ut approbes quidquam propositum mathematicum, unum ex his signis ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ vel ‘>’ continentem.
Ut sic facies, ‘¿’ malleolum in initio deprime,
deinde propositum scribe (cum quocumque ex ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ vel ‘>’),
tandem ‘?’ malleolum tange.
Wow, you are productive. I haven’t examined everything closely, but here are some things I ran across:
“Plures generaliter conclavia habet domus”: plures > pluria.
“Eget alia elementa mineralia, unâ cum elementa…”: better with ablative.
“Eos alios acquirimus per res quae edimus”: res quae > res quas / ea quae.
“Vestem gerimus ut secci nos teneamus”: secci > sicci.
“vel nos speciosiori videri faciamus”: speciosiori > speciosiores (and note that it is accusative).
“(eo casu uniformis vestis)”: I’m not sure I understand this. What case is uniformis vestis?
“Materiae typicae vestitui includunt corium…”: I have doubts about that use of includunt. Perhaps simply “Inter typicas (usitatas?) vestitui materias sunt…”
“Materiâ nitens”: Isn’t that more “relying on the material”? I won’t propose something else though; sorry, I’m not helpful.
“tanti est quod ei loci quò vadis tempestatem et climam cogitas”: ei loci > eius loci?
“Lodicem super culcitâ pande”, “plumacium super lecto pande”: I would have used the accusative, but maybe it works either way?
“aliam lodicam” > lodicem.
“Olim, matula sub lecto ponebat, in quam desurgere mediâ nocte solebat.”: ponebat > ponebatur; desurgere > meiere (to be more factually correct); solebat > solebatur(?).
“Coquus tiro praescriptis coquinariam requirit.” praescriptis coquinariam >prasecripta coquinaria? Or am I misunderstanding something?
“Ante duodevicesimum saeculum, ‘j’ pro ‘i’, ‘v’ pro ‘u’ scriberi poterat, ut vocales.”: scriberi > scribi.
“sicut ‘x’ pro ‘ds’ (‘d’ ante ‘s’) et ‘z’ pro (multimodi) ‘ks’ ‘cs’, ‘gs’, ‘hs’.” You have mixed x and z. (What sound is “hs”?)
“Diphthongi sunt quaedam binae vocales cuius soni coalescunt”: cuius > quarum.
“Anteà, diphongi cum ligaturâ scribebantur.” diphongi > diphthongi. Do you mean æ and œ? But other diphthongs had no ligatures. And surely æ and œ were used mostly due to them being pronounced as monophthongs?
“unum ex his signis ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ vel ‘>’ continentem.” continentem > continens.
“‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ or ‘>’”. Wouldn’t it be more logical with “and”? I mean, you can either say “select A, B or C”, or you can say “select one of A, B and C”. Thus, in “cum quocumque ex ‘=’, ‘≠’, ‘<’ vel ‘>’”, I’d simply remove “vel”.
Astronomy is the study of the observable universe, using optical telescopes or radio-dishes or otherwise. From the earth a lot can be seen, such as planets orbiting the sun, moons orbiting planets, man-made satellites orbiting the earth, comets (of rock and dust) whose gaseous tails may appear when close to the sun, star constellations (such as the Milky Way and others, whose patterns to the naked eye suggest names of mythological figures) and galaxies (massive collections of stars that together make up the universe). The study of the origins of the universe is called cosmogony. Cosmography is studying and representing the universe’s structure.
Astronomia est mundi insignis studium, vel telescopio vel radiovaso vel aliter. E terrâ multa videri possunt, ut planetae solem circumeuntes, lunae circùm planetas moventes, satellitia ab hominibus facta terram circumnavigantes, cometae (lapide pulvinâque) quae, prope solem, codam nebulosam habere videantur, constellationes (ut Via Lacta et aliae, cuius formae oculo nudo personarum muthologicarum nomina suadent), atque galaxiae (maxima stellarum corpora è quibus factus est mundus). Principium mundi studium cogmogonia appellatur. Picturam et structuram mundi noscere est cosmographia.
Don’t know if insignis is the best word… But visibilis maybe isn’t that good either.
Either satellitia circumnavigantia or satellites circumnavigantes. Via Lactea.
…et aliae, quarum… mythologicarum, or is the spelling with u intentional? Principiorum(?) mundi studium.
Dicit Ainsworth “insignis” pro “observable”
“circumnavigantia”, “quarum”, “principiorum” certé!
“muthologicarum” orthographiam inveni!! Sic scripsi ut eam memoriâ teneam. Verò, ego illam cum “y” praefero.
Neglegentior fio. Iterùm gratias.
Music is a sound or series of sounds, produced by an instrument or by the voice (other than when speaking). It is harmonious or otherwise beautiful or emotionally expressive. Composers compose vocal pieces for singers (solo or in groups or choirs) and instrumental pieces for musicians (solo or in accompanying another or in groups or orchestras). Tunes are played and songs are sung for dancing or entertainment or in ceremonies. Listening to music is thought to be therapeutic. Music may be learned from either a written score or by ear from a recording on disc or tape. Reading music requires an understanding of written notes (in terms of frequency, duration, and treatment), rhythm, keys (major and minor), treble and base clefs, and the bars into which the horizontal staff lines are divided on a page.
Musica est sonus vel ordo sonorum, instrumento vel voce (in alio modo quàm loquendo) proditus. Congruens vel aliter amoena vel affectuum significans est. Scribit compositor vocum cantus cantoribus (vel solis vel in grege vel in choreâ) et nervorum (vel instrumentales) cantus musicis (vel solis vel concomitantibus vel in gregibus vel in symphoniaco). Melos modularis et carmina cantas ut saltatus vel recreationes sint, nec parùm per ritibus. Musicam auscultare sanum esse putatur. Chartâ notatâ vel aure cum impressione sonituum in taeniâ vel disco musica discatur. Ut eam scriptam legatur, postulatum est ut intellegitur ità: toni notati (prae crebritate ac tempore atque curâ), rhythmus, claves (an majores an minores, an gravis an acuta), et pedes in quos lineae baculi aequilibres in paginâ dividuntur. >
