I’ve got a list of enclitics from a book available here (bennett’s “a latin grammar”) and this is it:
-que, -ne, -ue, -ce, -met, -dum, -cum
I’ve searched these fora and the web, and got no explanations except for the -que and -ne particles, and loosely for the -ue. could someone show me examples using each one of those enclitics, and explain their functions to me?
-ne does not mean this, it simply makes the statement interrogative.
-ce is an emphatic used with the demonstratives ille, iste, and hic, but the final E is often dropped. In the case of hic, it has become inseparable from many of the forms. It was originally found with other words, such as tunc (tum+ce) and nunc (*nun+ce), in which case the original unemphasized form vanished.
-met is used with certain forms of the personal pronouns and less often to the possessive adjectives.
-cum is often suffixed to the ablative singular and plural of the personal and relative pronouns.
-dum seems to me a stretch to call enclitic, but whatever.
-ce, later -c, only becomes ‘emphatic’ by dint of its origin as a deictic marker. as well as being enclitic there are relics of its being proclitic, e.g. cette, cedo. it is very productive in terms of its use with demonstratives.
-met can also be used with ipse.
-whatever one’s view on the u/v controversy, i.e. whether one is correct or wrong, writing ‘vir feminaeue’ is impossible.
-cum originates from an anastrophic use and can also be used with relative pronouns.
so I can use -que and -ue with any word I like, -met with only the cited personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and ipse, and -cum with only personal and relative pronouns?
and -ce seems to me like there’s not enough freedom to use it. It seems it already attached itself to the allowed words… is it so?
so the “free for use” enclitics are, really:
-que, -ue, -ne?
I wish I could include -cum here… it seems like a very useful enclitic. oh well.