European literature from the Middle Ages often referred to Muslims as pagans, with sobriquets such as “the paynim foe”. These depictions represent Muslims worshipping Muhammad as a god along with various deities in the form of idols (cult images), ranging from Apollyon to Lucifer, but their chief deity was typically named Termagant. > In some writings, such as the eleventh-century Song of Roland, this was combined to create an “unholy Trinity” of sorts composed of Muhammad, Apollyon, and Termagant> .