I see. You said that you spoke both, so I simply assumed, which was silly of me.
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ὁ στρατηγὸς ἔχει ἀδελφόν.
ἦσαν ποταμοί
τοῖς στρατηγοῖς πέμπουσι τοὺς ἀδελφούς
Good. On capitals, see the manuscript page just before the beginning of this chapter. Writing Greek with capital letters was a late invention. Crosby only uses capital letters for proper names.
Notice a few things about the accents and breathings:
-
Every word that begins with a vowel needs a breathing.
ο needs to be written as ὁ (the “rough” breathing, signifying an “h” sound at the beginning). αδελφους has the opposite, and gets and ἀ at the beginning (the “smooth” breathing, no “h” sound). εχει and ησαν both begin with vowels, and both have the smooth breathing. ἠσαν and ἐχει. -
If you have a word that take an acute on the last syllable, it becomes grave before another word in a sentence.
So you have marked the correct syllable for στρατηγός and τούς, but in a sentence it becomes στρατγηγὸς ἔχει and τοὺς ἀδελφούς. Notice that ἀδελφόν, ποταμοί, and ἀδελφούς all occur at the end of a sentence, so they do NOT get the grave. It’s only before another word in the sentence.
There are more accent rules, but those two are good enough to start with. Try to use them in the exercises going forward. If you need help typing Greek with accents, we can give you some suggestions.
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Those are modern Greek accents, unfortunately. If you have a Windows computer, or a Mac, you can install the “Greek Polytonic” keyboard (not the normal Greek).
These instructions outline the basic idea, although they may not be up to date:
http://www.dramata.com/Ancient%20polytonic%20Greek%20in%20Windows.pdf
http://www.dramata.com/Ancient%20polytonic%20Greek%20on%20Macintosh.pdf
If you just want to use something online, there is:
https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/greek_ancient.htm
or
http://www.typegreek.com/
Or you could even write it all down with paper and pencil, and just upload images.
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Very good, except for #6:
ἀξίους στρατηγούς = “worthy generals”. ἀξίους is a masculine plural adjective, and it agrees with the masculine plural noun στρατηγούς
Please try again. I think that ἔχουσιν should make sense to you now.
And I wouldn’t mind seeing your handwritten answers, so that I can comment on the accents. It’s best to start learning that early on.
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Mindy,
WHY? ο στρατηγός The general
BUT: οί άνθρωποι men
Clarification, the actual “rules” for translating the Greek article into English are somewhat complex. The Greek article is by no means functionally identical to the English article. But that’s a question for intermediate or advanced grammar.
http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/forum/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=4365&sid=cdb105e20f6ad9a7a384c0a33c584f2d
I noticed another error on #2:
τον άνθρωπον πεμπει από τού Ελλησπόντου.
He sends a man from Hellespont/the Dardanelles.
He sends the man…
- οί άνθρωποι έχουσιν αξιους αδελφούς.
Men have worthy brothers.
The men have…
See my post above about Greek keyboards. The various links there may help you out. But if not, then you can still learn Greek.
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Mindy, don’t worry about it you’re doing fine. 99.5% of native English speakers could not explain the rules for the use of the article in English. At this point in your studies you can continue to translate the Greek article with the direct article in English. There will be certain situations where that will be obviously wrong and we can deal with those when they arrive.
This may help you with a/an/the in English. It’s not exactly the same as in Greek, but Greek/English are much closer with their use of definite articles than Mandarin.
https://www.hjenglish.com/cixing/yingyuguanci/
Greek (and English) mainly uses the definite article (“the” in English, “ὁ/ἡ/τό” in Greek) to refer to something that is already referenced or known. A definite person, place, thing, or idea. Let’s do a simple example in English:
“My mother gave me a car. The car was a red sports car. My sister wanted the car herself.”
The three sentences above all go together. In the first sentence, it is “a car,” because it has not been referenced before, and we have no idea what car his mother is giving him. The second sentence refers to the specific car of the first sentence, so it is now “the car.” And the same for the third sentence.
For now, when you see ὁ/ἡ/τό, assume that it refers to a definite object that is already expected to be known to reader. English will usually use “the” to translate this. We’ll worry about the exceptions later. But for now just use “the.”
Okay if we want to dive into this now, we should point out that these rules don’t actually work. Greek uses the article with words that refer to entities which are cognitively accessible to the audience. These entities need not be previously referenced in the discourse. For example:
“Hermann Göring’s limousine arrived at the Wolf’s Lair.”
Wolf’s Lair is cognitively accessible because of the scenario opened by the mention of Hermann Göring.
C.S., this isn’t the time for all of that. Notice the second to last line of my previous post. Baby steps.
Right. Agreed.
However, notice Luke using the article at the beginning of his introduction in reference to a scenario he assumes his audience knows about already. It’s actually a pretty simple idea. Whatever your audience knows about and obviously is relevant to your discourse can be mentioned as if it has already been introduced.
Luke 1:1 Ἐπειδήπερ πολλοὶ ἐπεχείρησαν ἀνατάξασθαι διήγησιν περὶ τῶν πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν πραγμάτων,
τῶν πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν πραγμάτων,
the things which have been accomplished among us
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Very good. I will be able to listen to the recording later this evening.
Do you have any questions about the first two sections? Otherwise verbs are up next!