perequito
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perequito
I am having trouble finding a full conjugation paradigm for this verb. I know what it means but I specifically need to what perequitarit means. A footnote in my book says 'had not ridden' but it doesn't look like pluperfect.
- Barry Hofstetter
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Re: perequito
Posting the full context normally helps. Perequito is a 1st conjugation verb, which means its stem ends in -v. Verbs whose perfect stem end in -v are subject to syncopation, which means stuff drops out. As it is, you have either a future perfect indicative:
perquitarit = perequitaverit
Or the perfect active subjunctive:
perquitarit = perequitaverit
The pluperfect would be perequitarat = perequitaverat.
perquitarit = perequitaverit
Or the perfect active subjunctive:
perquitarit = perequitaverit
The pluperfect would be perequitarat = perequitaverat.
N.E. Barry Hofstetter
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Re: perequito
I second Barry's comment. Please post more details alongside your questions to help us help you. As in your previous post, we need to see the word in the context in which it is being used. As you cannot expect a hand chopped away from the body to be alive, so with Latin you cannot expect an isolated word to make much sense.
Corrections are welcome (especially for projects).
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Re: perequito
I agree. I should have provided more context. Here is the full sentence:
Conclamant equites sanctissimo jure jurando confirmari oportere ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ad parentes, ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitarit.
Conclamant equites sanctissimo jure jurando confirmari oportere ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ad parentes, ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitarit.
- Barry Hofstetter
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Re: perequito
Ah, from DBG 7.66. Interestingly the 1914 OCT says:
Conclamant equites sanctissimo iureiurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentes, ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitasset.
Caesar, C. J. (1914). C. Iuli Commentarii Rerum in Gallia Gestarum VII A. Hirti Commentarius VII Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis. (T. R. Holmes, Ed.). Medford, MA: e Typographeo Clarendoniano.
In your text, it has to be a future perfect. In the OCT, it's a pluperfect subjunctive (still syncopated, = perequitavisset). Text critically, it strikes me as the more difficult reading. Maybe our resident super-grammarians (you know who you are, and it's meant with the fullest sincerity) can weigh in here and explain this use of the subjunctive. Relative clause of characteristic (didn't we recently have discussion about that)?
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Re: perequito
When Barry mentioned syncopation a light went off in my head as I had dealt with syncopated verbs in the past but I had no trouble because I was translating verbs that I was familiar with.
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Re: perequito
perequitarit is actually a variant reading in some mss. of Caesar's text, noted in the Oxford Classical Text edition.
Both perequitarit and perequitasset would be subjunctives, perfect and pluperfect, respectively. Whichever is right, both are subjunctive because the clause is a relative clause of characteristic.
(The relative clause introduced by qui is also a subordinate clause in indirect discourse and would require a subjunctive verb in any case, but perequitasset/perequitarit is subjunctive because the clause is a "relative clause of characteristic.")
perequitarit is more consistent with (historical) present conclamant and the present subjunctives recipiatur and habeant.
However, Allen & Greenough sec. 485e notes:
Both perequitarit and perequitasset would be subjunctives, perfect and pluperfect, respectively. Whichever is right, both are subjunctive because the clause is a relative clause of characteristic.
(The relative clause introduced by qui is also a subordinate clause in indirect discourse and would require a subjunctive verb in any case, but perequitasset/perequitarit is subjunctive because the clause is a "relative clause of characteristic.")
perequitarit is more consistent with (historical) present conclamant and the present subjunctives recipiatur and habeant.
However, Allen & Greenough sec. 485e notes:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/tex ... 99.04.0001e. The Historical Present (§ 469) is sometimes felt as a primary, sometimes as a secondary tense, and accordingly it takes either the primary or the secondary sequence:—
“ rogat ut cūret quod dīxisset ” (Quinct. 18) , he asks him to attend to the thing he had spoken of. [Both primary and secondary sequence.]
[*] Note.--After the historical present, the subjunctive with cum temporal must follow the secondary sequence:—
“quō cum vēnisset cōgnōscit ” (B. C. 1.34) , when he had come there he learns.
cum esset pūgnātum hōrīs quīnque, nostrīque gravius premerentur, impetum in cohortīs faciunt (id. 1.46), when they had fought for five hours, and our men were pretty hard pressed, they make an attack on the cohorts.
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Re: perequito
Hylander, nice explanation, thanks. Would a future perfect indicative be more vivid in this context, emphasizing not the type of person who does this but the actual person (standing collectively for all them) will do it? But you are right, it has to be subjunctive also because in indirect statement.
Edit: I meant to add that upon reflection I think you are absolutely correct here. I was thinking of the occasional use of the indicative in relative clauses in indirect statement to indicate that the speaker is emphasizing not only that he is reporting the speech, but that he independently thinks the information in the relative clause is true. Hard to see how that would fit here, though.
SPQR, you should realize by now that the reason we have paradigm verbs is that every verb in that paradigm works the same. If you know the full paradigm for any 1st conjugation verb, you know the full paradigm for all first conjugation verbs. It should not be just verbs that you are familiar with, but you should know how they work according to some very basic rules of formation. When I identified the range of possibilities for your form, I didn't have to look anything up, I just recognized the possible forms because I long ago internalized the paradigms.
Edit: I meant to add that upon reflection I think you are absolutely correct here. I was thinking of the occasional use of the indicative in relative clauses in indirect statement to indicate that the speaker is emphasizing not only that he is reporting the speech, but that he independently thinks the information in the relative clause is true. Hard to see how that would fit here, though.
SPQR, you should realize by now that the reason we have paradigm verbs is that every verb in that paradigm works the same. If you know the full paradigm for any 1st conjugation verb, you know the full paradigm for all first conjugation verbs. It should not be just verbs that you are familiar with, but you should know how they work according to some very basic rules of formation. When I identified the range of possibilities for your form, I didn't have to look anything up, I just recognized the possible forms because I long ago internalized the paradigms.
N.E. Barry Hofstetter
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Re: perequito
I found online McDevitt and Bohn's Gallic Wars. It uses a syncopated pluperfect subjunctive but my book (as I understand it now) uses a perfect subjunctive but McDevitte and Bohn translate this verb as future perfect indicative.
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Re: perequito
The perfect subjunctive 3rd singular active and the future perfect third singular active are identical in form.
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Re: perequito
Forget the translations -- they're misleading you. The Latin word cannot be future perfect indicative, if only for the reason that it's a subordinate clause in indirect discourse.McDevitte and Bohn translate this verb as future perfect indicative.
As I noted in my previous post, either perfect or pluperfect subjunctive is possible here. There's a rationale for both; the meaning is the same; and there is a split of authority in the manuscripts.
I suppose the OCT editor chose the pluperfect subjunctive form on the principle that the more difficult reading is more likely to be original because the process of manuscript transmission tends to simply difficulties rather than to create them ("difficilior lectio potior"). But either reading is possible here, and both have the same meaning (to say it again). This is a "relative clause of characteristic."
The English translation as future perfect is not necessarily wrong. In the subjunctive, the perfect and pluperfect (depending on whether the sequence of tenses is primary or secondardy) may serve the function of the future perfect (among other possibilities), i.e., to denote an action that precedes that of a verb. in the clause on which it depends that is semantically future (whether that verb is indicative, subjunctive or infinitive). To quote Allen & Greenough on sequence of tenses again (sec. 484c):
However, you should focus on analyzing and understanding the Latin, not on the English translation.c. Notice that the Future Perfect denotes action completed (at the time referred to), and hence is represented in the Subjunctive by the Perfect or Pluperfect:—
He shows that if they come (shall have come), many will perish, dēmōnstrat , sī vēnerint , multōs interitūrōs.
He showed that if they should come (should have come), many would perish, dēmōnstrāvit , sī vēnissent, multōs interitūrōs.
Bill Walderman
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Re: perequito
Thank you all for your constructive comments. It seems that the sequence of tense rules as presented in beginning Latin texts are too pedantic.