1.
Many times I see that the direct object of a transitive verb is someway understood. In English this would be ungrammatical. Is Greek more lax in this sense?
τῆς ἦ τοι φωνὴ μὲν ὅση σκύλακος νεογιλῆς
γίγνεται, αὐτὴ δ' αὖτε πέλωρ κακόν: οὐδέ κέ τίς μιν
γηθήσειεν ἰδών, οὐδ' εἰ θεὸς ἀντιάσειεν [her or Scylla].
τῷ δ' ὑπὸ δῖα Χάρυβδις ἀναρροιβδεῖ μέλαν ὕδωρ.
τρὶς μὲν γάρ τ' ἀνίησιν ἐπ' ἤματι, τρὶς δ' ἀναροιβδεῖ [it or the water]
δεινόν (...)
I have checked the verbs in Cunliffe, and they have not an intransitive variant.εἰ δέ κε σίνηαι [them or the flocks], τότε τοι τεκμαίρομ᾽ ὄλεθρον,
2.
What is doing ἄν in an imperative clause? It ocurred to me that ἰθύνετε may be subjunctive and this an hortatory sentence, but Smyth says that hortatory sentences have not ἄν neither:81. πρὸς ζόφον εἰς Ἔρεβος τετραμμένον, ᾗ περ ἂν ὑμεῖς
82. νῆα παρὰ γλαφυρὴν ἰθύνετε, φαίδιμ᾽ Ὀδυσσεῦ.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/tex ... orm%3DsubjHortatory: The subjunctive without ἄν is used in exhortations. The negative is μή Smyth 1797-1799
3.
I couldn't explain the following perfects:
116. ‘σχέτλιε, καὶ δὴ αὖ τοι πολεμήια ἔργα μέμηλε
117. καὶ πόνος: οὐδὲ θεοῖσιν ὑπείξεαι ἀθανάτοισιν;
4.160. οἶον ἔμ᾽ ἠνώγει ὄπ᾽ ἀκουέμεν: ἀλλά με δεσμῷ
161. δήσατ᾽ ἐν ἀργαλέῳ, ὄφρ᾽ ἔμπεδον αὐτόθι μίμνω,
162. ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ, ἐκ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ πείρατ᾽ ἀνήφθω.
S&H says that πλησίον is an adverb. But which verb it modifies? Is it that εἰσι is understood?101. τὸν δ᾽ ἕτερον σκόπελον χθαμαλώτερον ὄψει, Ὀδυσσεῦ.
102. πλησίον ἀλλήλων: καί κεν διοϊστεύσειας.
5.
What is explaining γάρ here?
Odysseus is saying to their comrades that it is not right to reveal the divine decrees, but that he will do it anyway. So, it seems to me that the first is a concessive clause: "although this is not right, I will do it anyway". Then, I don't understand what is doing γάρ, where is the causal relationship here?153. δὴ τότ᾽ ἐγὼν ἑτάροισι μετηύδων ἀχνύμενος κῆρ:
154. ‘ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γὰρ χρὴ ἕνα ἴδμεναι οὐδὲ δύ᾽ οἴους
155. θέσφαθ᾽ ἅ μοι Κίρκη μυθήσατο, δῖα θεάων:
156. ἀλλ᾽ ἐρέω μὲν ἐγών, ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν
157. ἤ κεν ἀλευάμενοι θάνατον καὶ κῆρα φύγοιμεν.